Ibrahim Akcengiz
Price drops in durable goods stalled. Food and energy prices rose. Core CPI has jumped by 14.6% in two years.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) for all items jumped by 0.5% for the month, the biggest month-to-month increase since June, pushed up by relentless inflation in services, according to the CPI data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Year-over-year, the Consumer Price Index jumped by 6.4%, driven by a four-decade high in the services CPI. In December, the CPI had jumped by 6.5%. But the difference was mostly in rounding. Unrounded: January CPI = 6.410%, December CPI = 6.454%. Unrounded, the differences are too small to be meaningful:
Major categories of the CPI, month-over-month and year-over-year:
- Services: +0.6%; +7.6%
- Durable goods: -0.1%; -1.3%
- Food at home: +0.4%; +11.3%
- Food away from home: +0.6%; +8.2%
- Energy: +2.0%; +8.7%
- Core CPI (without food and energy): +0.4%; +5.6%
Services inflation jumps to new four-decade high.
The Fed’s eyes are on services. Powell has been talking about it for months. I have been screaming about inflation moving into services since at least the February 2022 CPI, before the Fed even started hiking rates.
Nearly two-thirds of consumer spending goes into services: Rent, other housing factors, insurance of all kinds, healthcare, education, repairs, travel and hotel bookings, subscriptions, streaming, telecommunication services, haircuts, pet services, etc. In services is where inflation gets sticky.
The CPI for services inflation rose by 0.6% in January from December – on top of the upwardly revised December jump. It has been over 0.6% in seven of the past 10 months, which shows just how sticky services inflation is, once it breaks loose.
On an annual basis, services inflation jumped by 7.6%, the worst year-over-year increase since 1982 and the fifth month in a row above 7%. In services is where inflation is now raging, where it is entrenched.
Services by category
The health insurance downward adjustment. The BLS undertakes annual adjustments in how it estimates the costs of health insurance and then spreads those adjustments over the following 12 months.
The first mega-adjustment hit in October. January was the fourth month of 12 (more details here). Without that adjustment, services CPI would have been even worse for the past four months.
Due to this downward adjustment, the CPI for health insurance plunged by 3.6% in January from December. These four months of mega-adjustments reduced the year-over-year rate of the CPI for health insurance from the pre-adjustment +28% in September to +1.2% in January.
But the Fed’s favorite inflation measure, the PCE price index, tracks health insurance inflation differently, and there is no such adjustments.
Here are the month-to-month changes of the health insurance CPI after the adjustments:
Health insurance is part of medical care services, and so that adjustment knocked down the CPI for medical care services to -0.7% month-to-month. Both are included in the table.
| Services | MoM | YoY |
| Overall services | 0.6% | 7.6% |
| Car and truck rental | 3.0% | 1.8% |
| Postage & delivery services | 1.5% | 6.8% |
| Hotels, motels, etc. | 1.5% | 8.5% |
| Motor vehicle insurance | 1.4% | 14.7% |
| Motor vehicle maintenance & repair | 1.3% | 14.2% |
| Pet services, including veterinary | 1.0% | 9.4% |
| Water, sewer, trash collection services | 0.9% | 5.0% |
| Rent of primary residence | 0.7% | 8.6% |
| Owner’s equivalent of rent | 0.7% | 7.8% |
| Video and audio services, cable | 0.6% | 3.9% |
| Other personal services (dry-cleaning, haircuts, legal services…) | 0.5% | 5.3% |
| Recreation services, admission to movies, concerts, sports events | 0.3% | 5.7% |
| Telephone services | 0.2% | 2.0% |
| Tenants’ & Household insurance | 0.1% | 0.9% |
| Medical care services | -0.7% | 3.0% |
| Airline fares | -2.1% | 25.6% |
| Includes: Health insurance | -3.6% | 1.2% |
The CPI for housing as a service
The CPI for “rent of shelter,” which in January accounted for 34.4% of total CPI, tracks housing costs as a service, not as an investment, and is based on rent factors, primarily:
“Rent of primary residence” (accounted for 7.5% of total CPI) spiked by 0.7% for the month and by 8.6% year-over-year, the highest since 1982. It tracks how actual rents paid by tenants changed at a large group of rental houses and apartments, including in rent-controlled units (red in the chart below).
This contrasts with other rent indices that track “asking rents,” the advertised rents of still vacant units on the rental market. When asking rents are too high to fill the units, landlords may lower the asking rent.
There was a boom in asking rents during the pandemic. But rentals don’t turn over that much, and proportionately not many people actually ended up paying those asking rents.
“Owner’s equivalent rent of residences” (accounted for 25.4% of total CPI) jumped by 0.7% for the month and by 7.8% year-over-year, the worst in the data. It tracks the costs of homeownership as a service, based on what a large panel of homeowners report their home would rent for (green line).
Home prices, based on the Case-Shiller Home Price Index, peaked with the “June” report and then started to decline [I track this by city in The Most Splendid Housing Bubbles in America]. The most recent data point is the three-month moving average of September, October, and November (purple line in the chart below).
The red line represents “owner’s equivalent rent of residence.” Both lines are index values, not percent-changes of index values:
Food inflation
The CPI for “Food away from home”– restaurants, vending machines, cafeterias, sandwich shops, etc. – jumped by 0.6% for the month and by 8.2% year-over-year, the sixth month in a row of 8.0% or more.
The CPI for “food at home” – food bought at stores and markets – re-accelerated to an increase of 0.4% in January from December. On an annual basis, the CPI for food at home rose by 11.3%, the 11th month in a row with double-digit year-over-year increases.
As some prices started to retreat, other prices rose. The CPI for eggs spiked due to issues triggered by the avian flu:
| Food at home by category | MoM | YoY |
| Overall Food at home | 0.4% | 11.3% |
| Cereals and cereal products | 1.3% | 15.9% |
| Beef and veal | 1.1% | -1.2% |
| Pork | 0.0% | 1.5% |
| Poultry | -0.1% | 11.2% |
| Fish and seafood | -0.1% | 4.0% |
| Eggs | 8.5% | 70.1% |
| Dairy and related products | 0.0% | 14.0% |
| Fresh fruits | 0.8% | 3.0% |
| Fresh vegetables | -2.3% | 7.4% |
| Juices and nonalcoholic drinks | -0.1% | 13.3% |
| Coffee | 0.9% | 12.8% |
| Fats and oils | 0.0% | 20.9% |
| Baby food & formula | -0.5% | 10.0% |
| Alcoholic beverages at home | 0.4% | 5.3% |
Energy prices rose
Gasoline prices rose by 2.4% in January from, December, after having plunged since June 2022. The explosion, so to speak, of gasoline prices in the first half of 2022 has now been unwound.
Year-over-year the CPI for gasoline is up by 1.5%. It’s possible that the CPI for gasoline may have bottomed out in December. This chart shows the CPI for gasoline of all types:
And note the surge in natural gas piped to the home. Electricity continues to rise sharply:
| Energy | MoM | YoY |
| Overall Energy CPI | 2.0% | 8.7% |
| Gasoline | 2.4% | 1.5% |
| Utility natural gas to home | 6.7% | 26.7% |
| Electricity service | 0.5% | 11.9% |
| Heating oil, propane, kerosene, firewood | -3.9% | 18.0% |
Durable goods prices: Drop appears to stall
The CPI for durable goods fell for the fifth month in a row, by 0.1% from December, a much slower decline than in the prior months, slowing the process of working off the ridiculous spike that started in late 2020.
On an annual basis, the durable goods CPI fell by 1.3%.
Here is the CPI for durable goods, expressed as index value, not as percent-change of the index value. It shows the ridiculous spike starting in late 2020 through mid-2022, and the price drops since then.
The long-term trend of the durable goods CPI since the mid-1990s, when “hedonic quality adjustments” were incorporated, was downward – meaning deflationary. And this is how it should be naturally because manufacturing and transportation efficiencies, driven by competition, should cause prices of the same product to come down.
However, those are not the same products. For example, even the basic model of the Ford F-150 pickup now has a 10-speed automatic transmission, up from a four-speed automatic in the mid-1990s.
Motor vehicles have gotten a lot better over the years and aren’t the same products anymore. The cellphones of the mid-1990s have turned into smartphones.
They’re not the same products anymore. And so the cost of those improvements are removed from the index via “hedonic quality adjustments.” The spike in prices that started in 2020 outran by a wide margin the hedonic quality adjustments.
| Durable goods by category | MoM | YoY |
| Durable goods overall | -0.1% | -1.3% |
| Information technology (computers, smartphones, etc.) | 0.0% | -11.7% |
| Used vehicles | -1.9% | -11.6% |
| Sporting goods (bicycles, equipment, etc.) | 0.5% | 1.5% |
| New vehicles | 0.2% | 5.8% |
| Household furnishings (furniture, appliances, floor coverings, tools) | 0.5% | 6.4% |
“Core CPI”
The core CPI, which excludes the volatile food and energy products, rose 0.4% in January from December, just a hair (unrounded) above the increase in December. This also shows just how sticky inflation has become, despite the drop in durable goods prices:
Year-over-year, core CPI jumped 5.6%, compared to 5.7% in December. This chart shows the index of Core CPI, rather than the year-over-year percent change, for a dose of where this is going: Over the past 24 months, the Core CPI has soared by 14.6%:
Editor’s Note: The summary bullets for this article were chosen by Seeking Alpha editors.
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